International Journal of Modern Agriculture

Impact of Rainfall on Indian Economy: With Reference to Crop Production

Yogesh Kumar Jakhar, Dr. Geeta Chhabra Gandhi — 2021-09-11

It is a well-known fact that agriculture is measured as the strength of India’s economy. The world wide studies through different researchers have shown that the rainfall has great impact on the crop production which ultimately influences our economy. In India we could differentiate the different type of available crops broadly as Rabi, Kharif and Zaid where the growth of Kharif crop majorly depends on the rainfall. This growth of crop ultimately impacts the Indian economy as 22.5 percent of Rajasthan state’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product) comes from agriculture alone. This paper is presented here to analyze the impact of rainfall on the productivity of different kind of crops and to evaluate the economic effect of Kharif crop production onto it which furtherinfluences the states GDP growth.

Microbiological Analysis of Drinking Water of Gravity Flow Water Scheme Abbottabad, Pakistan

2021-09-20

Since pure drinking water is good for health, it must be assessed for bacterial contamination. This research was conducted on the gravity flow water scheme of District Abbottabad, Pakistan. Pakistan. Twenty water samples were collected in different areas of city. Physiochemical analyses including pH, temperature, and chlorine residue showed that all water samples were according to prescribed values by the World Health Organization. This research work aims to analyze the total viable count (TVC), Total Coliform Bacteria (TCB), Total fecal Coliform Bacteria (TFCB) present abundantly in drinking water. The results showed that highest TVC values 5.6020 log cfu /100ml and lowest were 3.7781 log cfu/100ml, TCB were found in the range 250>2.0MPN/100ml, TFCB were found in the range 25>1.1MPN and E.coli were found in all water samples except sample-11. The water samples analysis data indicated that 100% water samples were unfit due to high TVC values, 85% samples were unfit due to higher (TCB) and 45% TFCB than permissible limits and 75 % samples were found to be contaminated with E. coli. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca and Pseudononas aeruginosa were identified based on morphology, gram staining and conventional biochemical tests and the identification was further verified by API 20 E kit.

Increase and Improve Primary Seeding of New Prospective Sunflower KK-60 According to Soil-Climate Conditions in Karakalpakstan

B. U. Aytjanov, A. Sayimbetov, A. I. Seytmusaev, R. S. Seytbaev, U. E. Aytjanov — 2021-09-22

Increase and Improve Primary Seeding of New Prospective Sunflower KK-60 According to Soil-Climate Conditions in Karakalpakstan

Women Issues in Media

Dr. Aruna Tulasi Pujari — 2021-09-24

The studies of media on women's issues have been widely conducted around the world, but the question of how prominent those issues are in the media has been left unanswered. To secure the answer to this question, this study was carried out doing a qualitative content analysis of media. . To give prominence to the news the newspaper has succeeded but has failed to give prominence to the news by setting. Women's work is often underestimated in economic times. The value of home and community work exceeds market value. The media can explicitly cover up some of this discrimination Especially, women journalists must take up this cause. India's constitution makes it mandatory for equal protection for all citizens. So the sympathetic, legal, and administrative media should stand for this together.

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Exo-Polysaccharide Producing Weissella Confusa from Buffalo Ruminal Gut

2021-10-08

Lactobacilli are the most important colonizers of the ruminant’s intestinal tract and are an important source of probiotics. Among Lactic acid bacteria, Exopolysaccharide producing Weissella confusa has gained considerable interest due to its importance in the food industry and several health attributes. The present analysis was carried out to isolate and characterize exopolysaccharide producing W. confusa from buffalo ruminal gut. The initial characterization of the isolate was done morphologically and biochemically. Molecular detection of the isolate was done by PCR based amplification of 16s rRNA gene. Temperature, pH, incubation-time and media conditions were optimized for the enzyme assay. A total of 35 LAB isolates were cultured for exopolysaccharide production on MRS agar having ruthenium red dye. The pure isolates were also screened for proteolytic, amylase, lipolytic, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Two Catalase and Oxidase negative strains were selected which shows their probiotic potential.. The two strains identified as W.confusa (by GenBank accession number MK128505, Mk212944), which was based on 99% nucleotide homology and phylogenetic analysis. Isolates produced amylase, protease, lipase and also displayed a high resistance range against selected antibiotics. These isolates also showed antimicrobial activity against pathogens Listeria monocytogenes as well as against Staphylococcus aureus. The isolates also produce EPS when grown on ruthenium red MRS agar. The temperature 30°C-37°C and pH 4 were found optimum for enzyme assay. This study unravelled the capability and safety of EPS producing W. confusa for industrial use, and other potential applications.

A review on the localization of drugs by utilizing monoclonal antibodies

2021-10-15

Monoclonal antibodies are developed from the cell which may be a single cell or a complete cell line. They were firstly discovered by a scientist named Earlich in the time period of 20^th century. At that time these antibodies are known as the bullets of magic hunting the toxic substance throughout the body as these magic bullets can circulate in the blood freely. This technology continues to develop from time to time and being used in many other fields of medical sciences like oncology, molecular biology, immunology, cytology, now a day mono clonal anti-bodies are being widely used in the targeted drug administration in the cancer treatments. Most of explicit mono clonal anti- bodies responding to human neoplasms being created by inoculating mouse with arrangements of cancerous cell lines hybridoma exuding mono clonal anti-bodies are produced by combining B lymphatic cells from such vaccinated mouse with cancerous plasma cell called myeloma the defined hybridoma when isolated from uncombined B lymphatic cells and cancerous cells filtered to distinguished singular hybridoma duplicates which discharge a cancerous responsive mono clonal anti-bodies perceiving a cancerous cell antigen. Mono-clonal anti-bodies offer the open door for particular conveyance of a scope of against neoplatics operators to cancer. In creature models investigation noteworthy anti-cancerous impacts have been exhibited utilizing mono-clonal anti-bodies to specifically covey hostile to cancer medications. Poisons radio nuclides and proteins pro drug mixes. Anti-bodies may likewise offers the chance of specifically conveying different specialist of possible use in malignancy treatment radio nuclide and protein and pro drug.

Comparison Of The Effectiveness of rbcL and matK in Amplifying The Genome of Diospyros

Yusniar, Muh Restu, Iswanto, Siti Halimah Larekeng — 2021-10-01

Ebenaceae is a large angiosperm family that includes many endemic species; one of the genera is Diospyros. The aim of identified chloroplast genome marker in the Diospyros family is to enable precise species identification by analyzing a unique DNA sequence of a target gene. The current study was carried out to create a marker for different species of Diospyros growing in South Sulawesi. Three putative species of Diospyros (each represented by specimens collected from two districts in South Sulawesi) were evaluated using two regions in the chloroplast genome (matK and rbcL) in order to discriminate them at the species level. Results showed that matK yielded 891 bp after alignment. However, there was no precise identification to species level. The combined rbcL gene showed 100 percent amplification in three species, but combined MatK gene just 50 percent showed amplification. Considering the overall performance of these loci, we suggest the rbcL gene for amplification and matK + rbcL combination may amplify to determine Diospyros growing in South Sulawesi to the species level as distinguished on morphological grounds. These findings show the necessity of finding other candidate genes or markers that can potentially help delineate the various species of Diospyros and other related Diospyros genera. This study is very needed, especially for endemic species.

AUTOMATED MANURE MACHINE

A.Thilagavathy, Charumathi K, Deeksha R, Deepthee Priyaa M — 2021-11-27

Farmers are considered to be the backbone of our country. They are gaining increased attentions in today’s world. Many people with other professions are switching towards farming today. The aim of this project is to provide manures to people at a reasonable price. This application provides new generation farmers with information about manure to be used for which crop. It also allows the farmer to purchase the manure online and then collect them through an automated manure machine which is located in the nearest location. This project also focuses on implementation of organic manure to manage waste resources efficiently. In conclusion, this server as a way to increase organic farming among people.

CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES OF SENTIMENTS AT DIFFERENT ANALYSIS LEVELS IN CONTEXT OF OPINION EXTRACTION: A REVIEW

Mrs. K. Balasaranya, Dr. P. Ezhumalai — 2021-11-27

In recent days, web marketing and digital environment is pervading everywhere for fulfilling the predominant needs of people especially in Covid-19 pandemic. In general, human beings are strongly associated with sentiments and others opinion. Sentiment analysis contributes a major role in mining the opinions and views of the people. Opinion extraction facilitates the ranking process of search results in an optimal manner. Opinion categorization is done mainly using polarity strength that is obtained through sentimental analysis. This necessitates the implementation of sentiment analysis techniques at Document Level, Sentence Level and Aspect Level. Document level based sentimental analysis calculates the opinion dimensional strength by analyzing the whole document. However, opinion strength of intended domain of the search is determined by applying Sentence level based sentimental analysis. At intrinsic level, to achieve opinion strength of the features or aspects, Aspect level based sentimental analysis is devised. Sentimental techniques are expended in classifying the intentions of users at all levels that facilitates ranking process. This paper examines the classification techniques in all analysis levels. Also summarizes the research strategies enforced for classification, their strengths and captivates the scope of development.

CROP YIELD PREDICTION BASED ON INDIAN AGRICULTURE USING MACHINE LEARNING

N BanuPriya, D Tejasvi, P Vaishnavi — 2021-11-27

In our analysis, that we tend to have discovered withinside the previous studies papers is that everybody makes use of environmental condition factors like rain, daylight and agricultural factors like soil sort, nutrient possessed via the soil (Nitrogen, Potassium, etc.) however the matter is we want to gather the data so a third party will do this prediction and later it is explained to the farmer and this takes a variety of attempts for the farmer and he doesn’t perceive the technological study behind these factors. To make it straightforward and which can be directly utilized by the farmer this paper uses easy factors like the state and district is the farmer from, the crop and in what season (as in Kharif, Rabi, etc.). In India, there are more than a hundred vegetation plants across the entire country. These vegetation are categorized for better understanding and image. The data for this analysis has been nonheritable from the Indian Government Repository [1]. The statistics includes attributes like– State, District, Crop, Season, Year, Space and Production with around 2.5 Lakh observations. We used advanced regression techniques – Random Forest, Gradient Boost and Decision Tree to predict the yield and used Ensemble algorithms to minimize the error and reap higher predictions.

CREDIT CARD FRAUD PREDICTION WITH IMPROVED ACCURACY

2021-11-27

The emergence of modern technology has made us think in an ingenious way to save our time. In such a way innovation of Credit cards in e-commerce, technology plays a major role in our day-to-day life. Transactions are made easy in a single swipe by using credit cards. Hence, the usage of credit cards has increased worldwide, so the fraudulent actions also increased rapidly. Identification of fraudulent activities is important to protect the money of every cardholder. Referring to maximum papers, we have come up with a solution for fraudulent detection using classifiers of machine learning. Instead of using a single classifier to identify the fraudulent combining all classifiers, an average of those provides highly accurate results.

PREDICTING AND MONITORING AIR AND WEATHER QUALITY INDEX USING MACHINE LEARNING

Divya.J, Anitha K, Chandima, M, Dharshini V — 2021-11-27

Many plants suffer everyday because of abnormal weather conditions. Here, we deploy an idea to predict and monitor the air and weather quality, and to give some notifications about the air and weather quality along with some plant suggestions beforehand itself. This idea will help the farmer to know about the weather before, accordingly they can plan their work for that day. The system leverages Machine learning and Deep learning helps improving the accuracy of the output. The previous year data are collected, by using that data we will be predicting various parameters like air quality for the next few days/hours. This information about the prediction will be displayed in a GUI interface along with suitable crop for that.

FARM GUIDE

2021-11-27

The scope of the paper is to help the farmers who are in need of machines for farming to get at a cheaper rate and also help the sellers to sell the products by just posting in the application. It is a user friendly android application which has chatbot to assist the users. This application helps the farmers to compare various products price. This application also lets farmers buy storage space to store their products similarly like buying machineries. This app helps in productivity of crops as farmers get the required equipments through this platform.

PERSONALITY PREDICTION SYSTEM

2021-11-27

The job characteristics model based on the concept of modern job design supports Human Resource management, thereby providing more job opportunities. Firstly, a plan is developed by the system to incorporate the job characteristics model into E-HR system to develop a new model of efficient operation on Human Resource management. The current proposed paper exhibits a set of techniques which makes the whole recruitment process more effectively and systematic. Our implemented system operates in such a way that the candidates are ranked based on the weight-age policy and other important personality questions are also included. At the present, organizations are inquisitive to better understand the personality traits of the applicant and be able to ascertain the applicant’s response in some crucial circumstances. Therefore, the system will conduct a personality prediction test to determine the personality traits of the applicant. Furthermore, a video resume will be required to upload by all the applicants to examine their communication skills through which relevant job skills can be analyzed. The video resume will be used in the process of background verification, where the documents can be cross-examined. Finally, the results of the applicants are presented in the ranking order to the relevant recruiter.

SHOPAIDE: VOICE BASED AI ASSISTANT FOR E-SHOPPING

2021-11-27

Number of E-commerce users has improved leaps and bounds over the past few years. This has also led to increased competition in the e-commerce industry. This leaves people confused about the vendor to choose for purchasing a product. To solve this dilemma and make people find the best products at best prices, a mobile application which can compare products across multiple e-commerce sites will come handy. Traditional comparison and search applications are all text-based making the process difficult for illiterates and few other sections of the society. So such an application will provide more comfort and satisfaction to people if it supports voice based search, which makes the process quicker while also providing a feel of human interaction to people.

SMART AGRICULTURE MONITORING SYSTEM USING IOT

Dr. B. Prathusha Laxmi, R. Nivedhitha, C. Sowmiya Sree — 2021-11-27

In our agricultural monitoring system, we create an application that has the features of automated water detection, soil moisture, ph level and detect intruders using ultrasonic sensors. Implementing GPRS' based controlled monitoring farming solutions composed of sensors is a gateway to help farmers from a remote location. The goal of this project is to integrate IoTs awareness and communication technology into a smart agriculture platform. Based on the combination of IoT and Cloud, they develop agricultural modernization and help us to provide a solution to many agro-based problems. It uses a pH sensor to measure the water quality and an Ultrasonic sensor to detect the intruders. Based on the soil moisture, the total amount of water is calculated and sent to the field. The sensed parameters are automatically sent to the farmer’s application.

PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE IN PRINTING INDUSTRY

Dr. D. Rajalakshmi, Snehalatha S, Aishwarya D, Swetha M, Divya G — 2021-11-27

The value of Indian print industry is estimated to be over 296 billion rupees in 2019. And is expected to go up to over 370 billion rupees by 2022, in which the newspaper industry contributes 60%[1]. In fiscal year 2018, print circulation revenue in the South Asian countries was led by the Hindi speaking market with revenue of almost40 billion rupees. The employment has also increased over the last decade. Similarly, the printing unit needs to be rigorously supervised and highly maintained on a daily basis for preventing unexpected faults (preventive maintenance), which requires a good number of staff members. Even though Predictive Maintenance as a Service (PMaaS) has started to boom now. There are hardly any facilities for it in this industry. Therefore, servitization in this market has good scope.

GREEN SCHEDULER IN CLOUD COMPUTING

Sandra Johnson, Chelseaya S, Darapaneni Aparna, Deepithaa V A — 2021-11-27

Cloud computing is a key component of today's IT industry. Cloud computing allows a large number of people to access a range of resources through the internet. Cloud storage offers a low-budget, user-friendly environment that preoccupies little capacities thanks to virtualization. Many task scheduling algorithms are used to control virtual machines to ensure that the least amount of energy is consumed. The subject of this project is considering the scope of green cloud computing and also the way it replaces the IT sector by energy usage, VM average load, data centerload and task distribution. The project is basically carried out with the support of a green cloud simulator and various algorithms.

MULTIPATH ROUTING IN IoT USING REINFORCEMENT LEARNING

2021-11-27

Wireless Sensor Networks is generally described as a large network of nodes for data monitoring, collection and dissemination. A Large number of routing protocols have been used to achieve actual output and reliability and also involved many numbers of nodes to obtain enormous count of paths which therefore reduces the reliability ofIoT services.Here, a multipath routing protocol is introduced using reinforcement learning.Using this reinforcement method best possible paths from source to destination can be found. The algorithm we use here is Q-learning. Advantage of using this technique is that there is no necessary for this method to depend on environments and they can find the solution for the problem using rewards and transitions. This algorithm tells the representative what action should be taken under what situations. Q-learning algorithm finds the solution to the problem for choosing the efficient path from the source node to the destination node in very less time than the path bridging technique. It is designed to explore possible routes and adapts a network routing based on information gathered and converges towards an efficient solution.

A MULTIMODAL COMBINED MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH FOR FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION

A.Thilagavathy, Ravin N Krishnan, C Sidhartha Reddy, Sode Bharath Chandra — 2021-11-27

Fingerprint identification is the most widely used biometric for a multitude of security applications ranging from phone unlocks to bank security. All modern systems use a machine learning approach based on a unique algorithmic - such as Support Vector Machines(SVM) , Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN) or Residual Convolutional Neural Network(RESCNN).Each and every algorithm is strong in some areas and weak in others. In our work we describe the output yielded using a new proposed algorithm that uses a trifecta combination, i.e three different algorithms are combined to maximise their individual strengths and cover each other's weaknesses. The algorithms we combine are a simple preprocessing algorithm, SVM and a trained convolutional neural network. First, the preprocessing algorithms smoothens, sharpens and filters the image, then an SVM is used to extract the minutiae (fingerprint features) which is finally classified using a trained CNN classifier. This new algorithmic approach will have enhanced accuracy, faster processing time and lower error than the traditional unilateral algorithmic approaches.

INTER-INTRA CLUSTER ENERGY BALANCE ROUTING (I2CEBR) PROTOCOL FOR UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC SENSOR NETWORKS USING NETWORK CODING

S. PavaiMadheswari, V. Sharmila Bhargavi — 2021-11-27

In Underwater - Acoustic Sensor Networks (UW-ASN), a node in a sensor, used to collect information from seabed, monitoring pollution, and different applications on surveillance. The sensor nodes are failed because of fouling and decomposition. The sensor nodes in Sensor network (WSN) consists of a transmitter, battery and receiver and a processor. Recharging or replacing a battery is not possible every time. So, the critical issue lies in the balancing of energy during communication. In this paper, a Routing called Inter-Intra Cluster Energy Balanced Routing (I2CEBR) protocol is implemented for UWASN in order to overcome latency and other interference to balance the energy for entire network. The routing protocol proposed for energy balancing between the nodes is used to communicate the sensed data. The implementation of network coding in inter and intra cluster, in order to achieve the needs of reducing energy consumption of node and extending the lifetime for network. Our outcome reveals the proposed I2CEBR protocol that can release the frequency of failure in node, determining energy usage of each node and efficiently extending the network lifetime.I2CEBR effectively fulfills energy-efficiency, until the end of throughput and delay in consideration with other protocols.

Effects of Changes in Heavy Metal Concentration on Effluent Quality in the Water Recovery Cycle Using the Storage-Recovery Technique

2021-11-27

Declining water tables in groundwater aquifers and increased wastewater production are some of the important problems of our country today. This challenge could be converted into an opportunity through proper planning, in such a way that effluents and other surplus waters are used to implement the storage-recovery system of the aquifer, the quality of the effluent is improved using soil’s self-purification potential, the water level in the aquifer is raised and water is withdrawn from this source when needed. The present study was conducted to investigate the changes in the effluent and aquifer water quality by passing it through the unsaturated area and moving in the saturated area in the Chalous aquifer storage-recovery project. In simulating the study area for the measurement of the mentioned parameters, we first created a rectangular hole with specific dimensions of about 5 to 10 meters in the basement (depending on the conditions of the area). The effluent was injected into the hole by creating small pits on the surface. The volume of the hole was considered to be 5000 liters. To prevent water from penetrating from the bottom of the pit and to simulate using an aquifer, a layer of cement and sand mixture was directed into the hole to prevent water infiltration from the bottom of the pit. A daily volume of 1000 liters of effluent was injected for 5 days. After 60 days, recycled effluent and soil samples were collected for analysis from the outlet using a piezometer tube. Along the route, the content of heavy metals such as lead and cadmium was measured and the transfer of solutes was examined by the MODFLOW model in the saturated and unsaturated regions. The results showed that cadmium and lead were deposited in the first few centimeters of the route. The concentrations of nitrate, as well as microbial contaminants, were reduced to almost zero by denitrification and adsorption after a short distance.

Tolerant Evaluation of Different Cultivars of Sunflower (Helianthus Annus L.) Against Drought Stress

Ashkan Rahimi Shirazi, Mehdi Madandoust — 2021-11-27

This study showed the effects of drought on germination ability and growing of four sunflower genotypes: Alstar, Armaviresky, Haison25 and Uoroflour in laboratory and greenhouse. The experiment was conducted using factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications. In the laboratory, drought condition was induced by PEG 6000 at the same potentials of 0 (control), -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa. In greenhouse drought condition was induced by using identify field capacity method with five levels 100 (field capacity), 85, 70, 55 and 40% of field capacity. Results revealed that germination percentage and rate, dry weight of hypocotyl and root, length and dry weight of plants and LAI decreased markedly in osmotic potential -0.6 and -0.8 MPa and at 55 and 40% of field capacity. A moderate water stress caused a marked increment in root growth. Also, among these varieties, Alstar and Haison25 were the most tolerant of drought stress.

Effects of Titanium and Silicon Nanoparticles and Super Absorbent Polymer on Morphological and Functional Traits of Cumin Plant under Drought Stress

2021-11-27

This study was performed to investigate the effects of using titanium and silicon nanoparticles (Si and TiO₂ NPs) and super absorbent polymer (SAP) on morphological and functional traits of cumin plant under drought stress conditions. An experiment was conducted as a factorial split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Water availability was considered as the main factor at three levels of 50 (control), 100, and 150 (drought stress) ml evaporation from a Class A evaporation pan. Foliar application levels of Si and TiO₂ NPs and SAP were regarded as the secondary factor. The main factor (drought stress) and the secondary factor, viz. different levels of Si and TiO₂ NPs and SAP were each applied at two levels. Plant height, stem diameter, number of umbels per plant, number of seeds per umbel, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, and grain yield were investigated in this study. Overall, the highest plant height, stem diameter, and shoot dry weight were obtained in the drought stress treatment of 50 mm evaporation from the pan with foliar application of Si and TiO₂ NPs and the use of SAP. The highest grain yield, biological yield, shoot fresh weight (SFW), number of seeds per umbel, and number of umbels per plant were recorded in the treatment of 50 mm evaporation from the pan. centage of essential oil in irrigation stress treatment was obtained after 150 mm evaporationTherefore,foliar application of Si and TiO₂ NPs and the use of SAP are recommended to improve plant height, stem diameter, and shoot dry weight under drought stress.

DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE APPLICATION FOR GOVERNMENT SCHEMES MANAGEMENT

Dr. M. Sheerin Banu, Amritha P, Durga J, Reddivari Sowjanya, I. Swarna Swapna — 2021-11-27

Given the intimidating record of the conventional government well-fare system and also the narrow scope of the private welfare program, we are accounted for a potent mobile-based government subsidy administration system, which will manage the subsidy process proficiently. This project is centred on the construction and execution of a mobile-based repository administration to oust the quality process, consequently throwing away the obstacles associated with the long-established administration process. This project aims at developing a mobile application that provides government schemes like pension schemes, disaster management, the welfare of differently-abled people, agriculture schemes, and Cheyutha schemes using face recognition.

APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CATARACTS: GENERAL OVERVIEW

Dr M. Sheerin Banu, Prajeshwar V, Velan K, I.Swarna Swapna — 2021-12-07

The exploding growth in technology has made things look far less subtle than the way they actually are. For instance, first industrial revolution brought the impediments of mass production, transportation of essentials down to its knees. Today it’s the era of Artificial Intelligence that has been enhancing performance, from mathematics and chess to healthcare, it has been astounding everyone’s eyes and conquers every field it enters. Biggest challenge today that prevails and haunts many, even ending a few, is the delay in diagnosis and scarce of medical resources. Not everyone is made available to medical resources to the fullest. In fact, many are deprived of it. One among it is, Cataract diagnosis. Artificial Intelligence seems to be very promising in diagnosis of Cataracts disease. The proposed work focuses on the AI applications in cataracts, in the three major areas of early detection and diagnosis, treatment, as well as outcome prediction and prognosis evaluation.

Review Article on; Traditional and Modern Techniques For Food Preservation

2021-12-21

Food preservation refers to keeping foods with the desired features or nature for as long as feasible after being prepared. Proper preservation is important to store the foodstuffs for a longer period without spoilage. However, the preservative must not be toxic to humans. Different techniques are used widely, including traditional and modern methods, to eliminate microbial contamination and avoid the rancidity of fat. Food preservation has been practised for centuries, with salting generally recognized as the earliest form of preservation. Foods preserved using a combination of procedures remain stable and safe even when not refrigerated. They have high sensory and nutritional characteristics due to the mild processes used. Care must also be taken to preserve foodstuffs' nutritional value, texture, and flavour. Food can spoil due to environmental, enzymatic, or microbiological processes. In this mini-review, traditional techniques for preservation such as salting, freezing, sugaring, smoking, and many more, as well as modern techniques such as pasteurization, pulse electric, dehydration, antimicrobial agents, irradiation, high-pressure technology, and hurdle technology, and many more are used to preserve food items.

The Influence of the Inhabited Near-Field Chernobyl APS Zone Contaminated with Radio Nuclides on the Histology Thyroid Gland in a Hedgehog

Yunusov Kh. B., Fiadotau D. N. — 2022-01-10

The morphogenesis of the thyroid gland is based on the complex histological research of hedgehogs inhabiting deprived ecological areas. It is characterized by the following features: macrofollicular cystic construction, colloid rrhage, stomal lipomatosis. The detected histological peculiarities of the thyroid construction (such as macrofollicular cystic construction, colloid rrhage, stomal lipomatosis) in hedgehogs inhabiting near-field Chernobyl APS zone contaminated with radionuclides can be considered as a latent dysregulation pathology.

Optimization Studies of Alkaline Protease from Aspergillus Flavusisolated Fromseashore Soil of Bay of Bengal

2021-09-11

Proteases constitute the most essential enzymes owing to their wide variety of functions and have immense applications in various industries viz., medical, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, leather, detergent, and food industries. An alkaline protease-producing strain Aspergillus flavus was isolated from soil samples of Kothakoduru seashore of Bay of Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, India and enzyme production was optimized under solid-state fermentation conditions. Different physical and chemical parameters such as pH, temperature, substrate concentration, and incubation time were optimized for better alkaline protease production. The maximum protease activity was found at a pH of 8.5 containing 10% wheat bran at 30ºC, after 72 hours of fermentation.ZnSO₄was an effective activator for protease activity, and EDTA had shown inhibition of enzyme activity. Among the different oil cakes used to produce the enzyme, the Sesame oil cake proved to be a suitable substrate after wheat bran for the production of protease by Aspergillus flavus.

Impact of Pseudomonas Plecoglossicida AVP1, Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Growth and Physiological Attributes in Chilli

2021-09-11

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are known for their significant role in agriculture systems. But little is known about their effect on high-energy reactions of photosynthesis and transpiration. Pseudomonas plecoglossicida AVP1, isolated from chilli (Capsicum annum L), was used to evaluate its efficacy on chilli. P. plecoglossicida AVP1 strain showed significantly high levels of phosphate solubilisation (845ppm/ml), IAA (66±0.49 μg/ml) and Ammonia production (55 ± 0.67μg/ml) and maximum acid phosphatase activity (0.176 IU/ml) at pH 3.0 and pH 3.4 after the optimization of growth conditions. The strain AVPI also increased the fresh weight (109.82%), root length (16%), and shoot length (56.44%) at 4 and 8 weeks of growth compared to untreated control. Physiological attributes were analysed using the ADC Bio-scientific Le pro-system (33292). The 8-weeks-old untreated seedlings showed 0.55 µmol/m2/s of Transpiration (E), 230.5 ppm of Internal carbon(Ci), 0.027 µmol/m2/s of stomatal conductance(gs) and 2.01 µmol /m2/s and seedlings treated with AVP1 strain increased the gs and A by 100% and 93.73%. In contrast, E and Ci production was not significant among treatments. Our results suggest that P. plecoglossicida AVP1 stimulates the stomatal conductance (gs), a regulator of gas exchange of CO2 and water, and allows the plant to increase CO2 uptake and assimilation, thereby subsequently enhanced the photosynthesis (A). We hypothesized that these attributes increased the plant growth of chilli.

Comparative Study of Antioxidant in Radish (Raphanus Sativus L.) At Different Areas of District Khairpur Mir's

2021-09-11

The sample of three varieties of Radish (TakeeJapane, Neutech, F-1 Hybrid) was collected during the winter season from various parts of the district of Khairpur Mir's. The physical properties of each sample, like moisture content and PH etc., were determined immediately after collection within 24 hours. Extraction was done using three types of solvents i-e methanol, water, and methanol: water (1:1) separately. Using a double beam spectrophotometer, each Variety's free radical scavenging efficacy was evaluated in 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). After that, half-maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 of each property was calculated. The IC50 value of each Variety was found very close to (58.92) µg/ml standard ascorbic acid indicating that Radish is a good antioxidant. The observed IC50 values of the three varieties of the Radish was found in the range of 59.688 to 66.088 µg/ml (TakeeJapane), 44.229 to 68.347 µg/ml ( Neutech) and 31.644 to 57.65 µg/ml (F-1 hybrid). The data indicate that IC50 values F-1 hybrid Variety were lowest than other two varieties indicating better antioxidant.

Evaluation of Vegetative, Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Two Apple Cultivars on MM106 Rootstock and Seedling Rootstock

Nasrin Beiranvand, Mostafa Mostafavi — 2021-12-31

In this study, vegetative, quantitative and qualitative traits of Red Delicious and Golden Delicious cultivars on MM106 rootstock and seedling rootstock were studied factorially in a completely randomized design. Flowering onset, number of flowers, dropping, yield, fruit size, L/D, total acid, vitamin C, soluble solids, percentage of dry weight and branch and trunk growth were examined as variables. Regarding the climatic condition of the region, the onset of flowering in the cultivars tested was almost simultaneous so that there was a slight difference between them. The results showed that Golden Delicious cultivar on MM106 rootstock had the highest percentage of flowering and flower density. The percentage of first dropping and June dropping in golden delicious was higher than red delicious; However, pre-harvest dropping was higher in Golden Delicious. The results showed a significant increase in dropping at seedling rootstock compared to MM106 rootstock. The MM106 rootstock increased the yield. The rootstock had a significant effect on fruit size and weight. Red Delicious cultivar showed a heavier weight. Fruit acidity was higher in seedling rootstock than MM106 rootstock but total sugar, Tss, vitamin C and dry weight percentage were higher in MM106 rootstock. Soluble solids did not differ significantly between cultivars. Red Delicious cultivar had the highest branch growth and trunk diameter in terms of growth.

Single Binary and Ternary Effects of Cu, Cd and Hg on Photosynthetic Pigmnets of Isabgol and Lepidium

Dr. Leena Dave — 2022-07-08

In environment Heavy metals are the most important sorts of contaminant. The present work aimed to study the interactive effects of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) on photosynthetic pigments of Isabgol and Lepidium. The present data suggest that decrease in carotenoids may be the reason for loss in pigments in heavy metal treated plants. Plants may be suffered from oxidative damage. The poor vegetative and reproductive growth may be due to loss in photosynthetic pigments in heavy metal treated plants.